Most of us start graduate school with a lot of passion about academia and science, but zero practical knowledge about how it actually works. It takes time to get familiar (and that's fine, we don't have to know everything from our mother's womb :) ).

My first conference presentation was at the end of my third year. Before-after that period, I started to read some books. These books helped me here and there with small tips.

I am listing some books for early-career PhD students. These may help you too if you are not that much familiar with academic professional environment. The books are designed to help in searching for academic jobs, but they provide information on "how to present in a conference", "how to write an email", "how to ask for help (cold email)". Hope it helps!

1) Academic Job Search :

2)Surviving Your Academic Job Hunt: Advice for Humanities PhDs

3) A PhD is not enough

4) The professor is in

5) The portable dissertation adviser

One of my dissertation chapter was in Microsoft Word document, but the other two were in LaTex format. Well, I did not know how to use LaTex earlier in my graduate school! To compile all three for my dissertation, I converted Microsoft Word document to Tex file. This is the cheat code if any of you are also stuck. It works pretty well.

Use Docx2Latex online converter to get the basic Tex file.
To align, use flushleft from the beginning
Number equations manually. If you do not like table format in this way, use Excel2Latex addin in Excel.
Download the package from here: Excel2Latex
Manually need to change the Table captions.
All the numbering need to be changed. 

For a starter, getting used to LaTex is not easy. This is a template that I use for my papers, you can copy it to Overleaf or any Tex typesetting system to make your own file. 

\documentclass[12 pt]{article}
\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}
\usepackage{color}
\usepackage{ragged2e}
\usepackage{indentfirst}
\usepackage[a4paper, margin=1 in]{geometry}
\usepackage{amsmath}
\usepackage{setspace}
\usepackage{graphicx}
\usepackage{booktabs}
\usepackage{rotating,caption}
\usepackage{float}
\usepackage{placeins}
\usepackage{enumerate}
\usepackage{threeparttable}
\usepackage{xcolor}
\usepackage{lscape}
\usepackage{flexisym}
\definecolor{EconomicsGray}{RGB}{198,212,225}
\definecolor{EconomicsLightBlue}{RGB}{127,191,192}
\definecolor{EconomicsBlue}{RGB}{0,63,138}
\definecolor{EconomicsDarkBlue}{RGB}{0,63,117}
\usepackage{multirow}
\restylefloat{table}
\usepackage{booktabs}
\usepackage{tabularx}
\usepackage{lscape}
\usepackage{rotating}
\usepackage[nodisplayskipstretch]{setspace}
\setlength{\parindent}{5ex}
\usepackage[toc,page]{appendix}
\usepackage{amsthm,amssymb}
\renewcommand{\qedsymbol}{\rule{0.7em}{0.7em}}

\usepackage[backend=bibtex, natbib=true, style=authoryear, maxbibnames=99,]{biblatex}
\addbibresource{references.bib}
\renewbibmacro{in:}{}
\usepackage[%
colorlinks=true,%
linkcolor=blue,%
citecolor=blue,%
urlcolor=EconomicsDarkBlue,%
pdfstartview=FitH,%
pdfview=FitH,%
pdfpagemode=UseNone]{hyperref}
\hypersetup{pdftitle={Economics: The Open Access, Open Assessment E-Journal}}
\usepackage{cleveref}[2012/02/15]% v0.18.4;
% 0.16.1 of May 2010 would be sufficient, but what is the exact day?
%\usepackage{bibentry}
%\pagestyle{myheadings}
\crefformat{footnote}{#2\footnotemark[#1]#3}
\usepackage[bottom]{footmisc}
\usepackage{fixltx2e}
%\usepackage{floatrow}
%\floatsetup[table]{capposition=top}
% Define font for hyperlinks
\def\UrlFont{\normalfont}
\usepackage{tikz}
\floatstyle{plaintop}
\restylefloat{table}
% Some fine-tuning of layout
\usepackage{microtype}
\usepackage{lscape}
\usepackage{footnote}
\usepackage{fancyhdr}
\usepackage{caption}
\usepackage{subcaption}
\usepackage{graphicx}
\usepackage[labelformat=parens,labelsep=quad, skip=3pt]{caption}

\usepackage{pgfplots}
\pgfplotsset{compat=1.15}


\begin{document}
%\tableofcontents

    \begin{titlepage}
       
        \title{Title\thanks{Acknowledge for help}}
        
        \author{Your Name\thanks{PhD Candidate. Contact: Your Email}}
        \date{\today}   
        \maketitle

        \begin{abstract}
            \singlespacing
                %need to be 100 words, currently 169 words
            \noindent  \\
            \vspace{0in}\\
            \noindent\textbf{Keywords:} \\
            \vspace{0in}\\
            \noindent\textbf{JEL Codes:} \\
            
            \bigskip
        \end{abstract}
        \setcounter{page}{0}
        \thispagestyle{empty}
    \end{titlepage}
    \pagebreak \newpage
    
    \doublespacing
    
\newpage 
\section{Introduction}

\doublespacing

\setlength{\parindent}{5ex}

\section{Next Section} \label{sec:Background} 

\subsection{If you have subsection}


\section{Conclusion}

\clearpage

\newgeometry{margin=.75 in}
\section{Figures and Tables}



%\begin{figure}[H]
%\centering
%\caption{Any Caption(\textdollar 2009)}
%\par\medskip
%\includegraphics [width=16cm] {Put the file here}
%\caption*{Note: }   
%\end{figure} 



\restoregeometry
\printbibliography

\end{document}

Steps

When to start?

1. The earlier the better, of course! Keep enough time to adjust the school list.
2. Some schools have deadline as early as last week of November, e.g. Ohio State University (ARE). If you are planning for those schools, need to compile everything lot earlier.
   1. Lots of schools have two deadlines, later one without funding. Be careful.

 
Things you will need

1. Transcript
2. GRE score
3. SOP
4. 3 Reference Letters
5. CV
6. Writing sample (Not that every school will ask for a sample, but it’s better to send one!)

 
Statement of Purpose (SOP) Matters

1. Applied Economics program mostly offer RAship, so SOP will matter.
2. Take time to write SOP. DON’T start at the last moment. Do some research on how to write SOP. Some schools have format, get idea from those. Keep at least one month in hand to make different adjustment in writing.
3. Thousand SOP templates are available online, you can get basic ideas from those. But don’t copy anything- Admission committee also has access to internet!
   1. Focus on your strength, don’t apologize for your weak side (Like ”I got a B because....” Who cares?). There can be special cases though.
   2. Try to make some links between your research ideas and current literature. Don’t put 4/5 ideas together. Stick to one or two. Name those specific professors you want to work with. And, don’t put names randomly. Do some good research on their current work and specialization.
   3. Some schools have their own restriction on pages. Otherwise, you may try to be in 2 pages.
      1. Don’t put your course list in SOP. They have your transcript.
      2. Focus on the research experience, whatever you have. That’s important.
      3. If you have teaching experience, put that too.
      4. Why and how do your ideas and experience fit in that school?
   4. A rough sketch would probably look like- 1/2 para on your motivation, 3/4 para on your research ideas and experience, 1 para on ”why this school”, ”why these professors” and ”why you”.
   5. If you can manage, talk to some professors about SOP (show them what you have written and get feedback!).

 
Urch and gradcafe

Follow Urch and Gradcafe from June-July of the year. It will give a clear idea of the applicant pool.
I don’t know if there is any new forum!
Links: http://forum.thegradcafe.com/
http://www.urch.com/forums/forum.php
 
Real Analysis? Good to have a class on Real Analysis. 

Reference Letter

Talk to 3/4 professors from August/September.
Talk to those professors who know you well, and will take some time to write.
Professors are busy, don’t ”order” them 15 different reference letters at the end of December.
Share the whole school list with them, and take their suggestions seriously.
 
Take Time

Every single application form will take 3/4 hours. Some will ask weird things, so take time. No rush!
If you are confused on any requirement, ask the admission office. Don’t guess. International students, check if they have extra requirements.

Program Ranking

Get the basic idea from IDEAS, but mostly ranking is not important, I think. A better strategy would be searching through your interest-specific journals. Go through the recent AAEA/AERE sessions (you can read accepted papers online), working papers of current grad students will show a better signal.
Link: https://ideas.repec.org/top/top.agr.html https://ideas.repec.org/top/top.env.html
 
Diversify Risk

Yes, it’s expensive, time consuming and frustrating. Make a balanced list. If you want to apply 7/8 schools, take 3/4 from top, 2/3 from medium, and 1/2 schools should be sure shot.

GPA and GRE

What is the lower bound?
There is definitely no lower or upper bound, except that some schools explicitly say, ”we want ***”. This chance is low. However, there is an acceptable range! A good quantitative score will help a  lot. 

Some schools put average GRE score of their accepted pool. You can get good ideas from those, Urch and Gradcafe are also helpful in this regard. Ask people who recently get admission in good programs to get an idea. My only point is: if you want to get a PhD, low GRE score or low CGPA should not stop you. Those scores are not reflecting your intellectual capability. 

Online Resource 

A nice online resource on application process: http://chrisblattman.com/about/contact/gradschool/
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Bottom line Try to focus on your strength. Everybody has comparative ad- vantage in something, use that.
*All comments are my own. Suggestions are welcome: howlade2@illinois.edu
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